Studio Ghibli

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Studio Ghibli, Inc.
Native name
株式会社スタジオジブリ
Kabushiki-gaisha Sutajio Jiburi
Company typeSubsidiary (Kabushiki-gaisha)
IndustryMotion pictures
Video games
TV commercials
PredecessorTopcraft
FoundedJune 15, 1985; 38 years ago (1985-06-15)
in Tokyo, Japan
Founders
HeadquartersKajino-chō,
Koganei, Tokyo
,
Japan
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Toshio Suzuki (President)
Gorō Miyazaki (Managing Director)
Kiyofumi Nakajima (Director)
Hayao Miyazaki (Director)
ProductsAnimated feature films, animated short films, television films, commercials, live-action films
Increase¥3.43 billion (2023)[1]
Total assetsIncrease¥31.179 billion (2023)[1]
Number of employees
Increase190[2] (2023)
ParentTokuma Shoten (1985–2005)
Nippon TV (2023–present, 42.3%)
SubsidiariesStudio Kajino
Websitewww.ghibli.jp

Studio Ghibli, Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社スタジオジブリ, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Sutajio Jiburi)[3] is a Japanese animation studio based in Koganei, Tokyo.[4] It has a strong presence in the animation industry and has expanded its portfolio to include various media formats, such as short subjects, television commercials, and two television films. Their work has been well-received by audiences and recognized with numerous awards. Their mascot and most recognizable symbol, the character Totoro from the 1988 film My Neighbor Totoro, is a giant spirit inspired by raccoon dogs (tanuki) and cats (neko).[5] Among the studio's highest-grossing films are Princess Mononoke (1997), Spirited Away (2001), Howl's Moving Castle (2004), Ponyo (2008) and The Boy and the Heron (2023).[6] Studio Ghibli was founded on June 15, 1985, by the directors Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata and producer Toshio Suzuki, after acquiring Topcraft's assets.

Five of the studio's films are among the ten highest-grossing anime feature films made in Japan. Spirited Away is second, grossing 31.68 billion yen in Japan and over US$380 million worldwide, and Princess Mononoke is fourth, grossing 20.18 billion yen. Three of their films have won the Animage Grand Prix award, four have won the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year, and five have received Academy Award nominations. Spirited Away won the 2002 Golden Bear and the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[7] The Boy and the Heron won the 2024 Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film,[8] BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film,[9] and the 2024 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[10]

Name[edit]

The name "Ghibli" was chosen by Miyazaki from the Italian noun ghibli (also used in English), the nickname of Italy's Saharan scouting plane Caproni Ca.309, in turn derived from the Italianization of the Libyan Arabic name for a hot desert wind (قبلي qibliyy). The name was chosen by Miyazaki due to his passion for aircraft and also for the idea that the studio would "blow a new wind through the anime industry".[11][12] Although the Italian word would be more accurately transliterated as "Giburi" (ギブリ), with a hard g sound, the studio's name is written in Japanese as Jiburi (ジブリ, [dʑiꜜbɯɾi] ⓘ).[11]

History[edit]

Tokuma Shoten era[edit]

Hayao Miyazaki
Toshio Suzuki
Isao Takahata
Miyazaki, Suzuki, and Takahata founded Studio Ghibli in 1985, alongside Yasuyoshi Tokuma.

On June 15, 1985, Studio Ghibli was founded as a subsidiary with investment from Tokuma Shoten.[13][14][15][16] Its predecessor was Topcraft, a studio founded by Toru Hara. Hara is a Toei Doga alumnus who worked with Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata on The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun. He was also the producer of My Neighbor Totoro and Grave of the Fireflies, and was responsible for the production of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, Castle in the Sky, Kiki's Delivery Service, and Only Yesterday. After producing Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind[a], Topcraft was dismantled and restructured to produce Castle in the Sky, and was reborn as a production company supporting the filmmaking of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata.[17][18][19][20]

The first president was Yasuyoshi Tokuma, then president of Tokuma Shoten, but Hara was in charge of actual management, as was Topcraft. Toshio Suzuki, then editor-in-chief of Tokuma Shoten's anime magazine Animage and editor in charge of Miyazaki's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, also joined the company.[21]

In the beginning, Studio Ghibli followed the same approach as other Japanese animation studios: it did not hire regular employees, but assembled staff for each production and disbanded when it was completed. In the Japanese animation industry, it is customary to pay on a piece-rate basis, and even at Ghibli, staff income was low, half that of the average Japanese worker. However, after Kiki's Delivery Service topped the Japanese box office in 1989, Studio Ghibli changed course and formed a corporate structure. Miyazaki made two major proposals: to make the staff full-time employees and introduce a fixed salary system, and to hire and train new employees on a regular basis. At the same time, the studio planned to double staff wages.[22]

In 1989, the first trainee recruitment examination was held. Among those who passed the examination, those who joined the company in October were called the first-term trainees, and those who joined in the following April, 1990, were called the second-term trainees. The first group of trainees included Kenichi Konishi [ja] and Kazuya Murata [ja], while the second group included Masashi Ando, Shinsaku Sasaki [ja], and Kenichi Yoshida.[23][24] Mamoru Hosoda also took this exam and was a finalist, but was not accepted.[25]

In 1991, Hara opposed Hayao Miyazaki's attempts to have Ghibli build its own studio in difficult financial times, and resigned after a confrontation with Miyazaki and his supporters, Toshio Suzuki and Tokuma Shoten, and Suzuki taking over his position.[13]

In 1993, Studio Ghibli installed two large computer-controlled filming stands and launched the Cinematography department. This made them an anime studio with a full production department for animation, background art, finishing, and cinematography, a rarity in the Japanese animation industry. In the same year, they produced their first television film Ocean Waves. It was also the first Ghibli film to be directed by someone other than Miyazaki and Takahata, and the staff was composed mainly of young people to give them experience.[13]

In August 1996, The Walt Disney Company and Tokuma Shoten formed a partnership wherein Walt Disney Studios would be the sole international distributor for Tokuma Shoten's Studio Ghibli animated films.[26] Under this agreement, Disney also agreed to finance 10% of the studio's production costs.[27] Since then, all three of the aforementioned films by Miyazaki at Studio Ghibli that were previously dubbed by Streamline Pictures have been re-dubbed by Disney.[28]

On June 1, 1997, Studio Ghibli was absorbed and dissolved by Tokuma Shoten, which was experiencing financial difficulties, as part of its efforts to secure profits. Tokuma Shoten merged Ghibli with Tokuma Shoten Intermedia Software and Tokuma International under one location, and reorganized Ghibli as Studio Ghibli Company (later renamed Studio Ghibli Business Headquarters), one of Tokuma Shoten's business divisions.[14][15][29]

In October 2001, the Ghibli Museum opened in Mitaka, Tokyo.[30] It contains exhibits based on Studio Ghibli films and shows animations, including a number of short Studio Ghibli films not available elsewhere.

In 2001, Spirited Away was released in Japan, followed by its worldwide release in 2002, beginning in the United States. Disney, which acquired the North American distribution rights, was initially reluctant to do so by then-CEO Michael Eisner, but was persuaded by John Lasseter, a fan of Hayao Miyazaki, to acquire the distribution rights. On March 23, 2003, Spirited Away won the Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature Film. It was the first time in 47 years that a Japanese feature film had won the award, since 1956's Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto directed by Hiroshi Inagaki.[31]

Independent era[edit]

In April 2005, Studio Ghibli separated and became independent from Tokuma Shoten's business division and established a new company, Studio Ghibli Inc. with a capital of 10 million yen. Toshio Suzuki was appointed representative director, with Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata as directors. Tokuma Shoten then transferred the business rights to all Ghibli works, including past works, to the new company for a consideration of 10 to 20 billion yen. The reason why Ghibli was able to become independent was because Tokuma Shoten's performance had recovered and because the new company had the prospect of raising the necessary funds to take over the business rights.[14][15]

On February 1, 2008, Toshio Suzuki stepped down from the position of Studio Ghibli president, which he had held since 2005, and Koji Hoshino (former president of Walt Disney Japan) took over. Suzuki said he wanted to improve films with his own hands as a producer, rather than demanding this from his employees. Suzuki decided to hand over the presidency to Hoshino because Hoshino has helped Studio Ghibli to sell its videos since 1996 and has also aided the release of the Princess Mononoke film in the United States.[32] Suzuki still serves on the company's board of directors.

In 2013, a film by Hayao Miyazaki who held a press conference to announce his retirement and declared that it would be his last film[b] and Isao Takahata's last film were released one after the other.[33][34] There were various film projects directed by Isao Takahata following My Neighbors the Yamadas since the early 2000s, but the development was temporarily halted. After the release of Tales from Earthsea, directed by Hayao Miyazaki's son Goro, in 2006, the development resumed and the production of The Tale of Princess Kaguya, a film adaptation of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, was decided around 2008. Another film directed by Hayao Miyazaki, The Wind Rises", was about the Mitsubishi A6M Zero and its creator.[35]

On Sunday, September 1, 2013, Hayao Miyazaki held a press conference in Venice to confirm his retirement, saying: "I know I've said I would retire many times in the past. Many of you must think, 'Once again.' But this time I am quite serious."[36] The same year, a documentary directed by Mami Sunada called The Kingdom of Dreams and Madness (Japanese: 夢と狂気の王国, Hepburn: Yume to kyōki no ōkoku) was created delving into the lives of those working at Studio Ghibli and the productions of the animated films The Wind Rises and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya, including storyboard sketching, inking, painting, and voice actor selection for the films.[37]

On August 3, 2014, Studio Ghibli announced that it would dismantle its film production division and temporarily withdraw from animation production.[38][39] Prior to this, the company had stopped recruiting new trainees, which would essentially be new animators, since the fall of the previous year, and had informed its 200-plus animators that they would be laid off in the spring. Toshio Suzuki said that a major reason for this was Hayao Miyazaki's declaration of retirement. The studio decided that it could not recoup the 5 billion yen production cost with a director other than Hayao Miyazaki.[40][41]

On November 7, 2014, Miyazaki denied rumors about his retirement. He said, "That was not my intention." In fact, while he announced his retirement from feature film production, citing declining physical fitness due to aging, he also expressed a desire to make short films.[42][43][44]

In 2015, some of the animators and staff laid off from Ghibli moved to Studio Ponoc, founded by former Ghibli producer Yoshiaki Nishimura, and Deho Gallery, an art studio specializing in background art founded by Hideaki Anno's Khara and Dwango.[45][46]

In August 2015, it was announced on Studio Ghibli's official website that Hayao Miyazaki's animated short film Boro the Caterpillar would be produced.[47] It was initially announced that the film would be produced in CG, which Miyazaki had previously disliked and avoided using, but this was revised in July 2016 to say that the film would be produced using a combination of CG and hand-drawn animation.[48]

The 2016 animated fantasy film The Red Turtle, directed and co-written by Dutch-British animator Michaël Dudok de Wit in his feature film debut, was a co-production between Studio Ghibli and Wild Bunch.[49]

On May 19, 2017, Studio Ghibli announced on its official website that Hayao Miyazaki will withdraw his retirement announcement and produce a feature film. Miyazaki explained that since he announced his retirement, he has lost many friends and has spent many days thinking deeply about his own demise, which led him to decide to withdraw his retirement. He also wrote that due to his age, this would truly be his last film as a director. At the same time, the studio recruited a three-year contract employee for inbetweening and background art.[50][51]

On November 28, 2017, Koji Hoshino stepped down as president; he was replaced by Kiyofumi Nakajima (former Ghibli Museum director). Hoshino was then appointed as Chairman of Studio Ghibli.[52][53]

Earwig and the Witch, Studio Ghibli's first animated feature film entirely in 3DCG, directed by Goro Miyazaki, was broadcast on NHK on December 30, 2020 and released in theaters on August 27, 2021.

Studio Ghibli's financial results for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 showed a final profit of ¥1.253 billion (up 84.2% from the previous year) and total assets of ¥24.521 billion, according to the Official Gazette dated August 13, 2021.[54]

On November 1, 2022, the Studio Ghibli themed amusement park Ghibli Park opened.[55]

In 2023, Koji Hoshino retired as President and Chairman at the end of March, and Toshio Suzuki returned as the new President. Hoshino retired at the annual shareholders' meeting in June after remaining as representative director since April.[56]

On July 14, 2023, The Boy and the Heron, a film directed by Hayao Miyazaki, was released.[57] Ghibli used a special advertising technique to keep the audience's curiosity piqued by not advertising the film, so not even a trailer was made, and all that was available was a single illustration for the poster.[58] On March 10, 2024, The Boy and the Heron won the Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature Film. It was Miyazaki's second award since Spirited Away in 2003.[59]

Nippon TV era[edit]

Goro Miyazaki accepting the honorary Palme d'Or at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival

In October 2023, Studio Ghibli became a subsidiary of Nippon TV Network, a consolidated subsidiary of Nippon TV Holdings. Nippon TV originally owned approximately 15% of Ghibli's stock, but acquired an additional 27%, giving it a 42.3% stake. The total acquisition cost of the shares was 15.5 billion yen. Nippon TV sent three directors and one auditor, including the new president, Hiroyuki Fukuda, while Hayao Miyazaki was appointed honorary chairman of the board, Toshio Suzuki as chairman of the board, and Goro Miyazaki as managing director. According to Ghibli, the issue of succession had been under discussion due to Hayao Miyazaki's aging, but when his eldest son Goro declined, the decision was made to entrust management to Nippon TV, with which Ghibli has close ties.[c][60][61] Nippon TV has acquired two animation studios in the past: Madhouse in 2011 and Tatsunoko Production in 2014. The acquisition of anime studios often does not go as expected. Since anime studios generally do not hold the copyrights to the works, even if they buy up the company as a whole, they do not obtain the rights to the works that are the source of revenue. Furthermore, there is a high degree of fluidity among key creators, and it is not rare for talented people to leave after the acquisition.[d] In contrast, Ghibli was the lead manager in the production committees of all the films it produced, and it also owned the copyrights, albeit jointly with other investors, so it was worth acquiring.[62][63]

In 2024, the studio received an honorary Palme d'Or at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival, the first film production company to receive the award.[64][65]

Distribution rights[edit]

Theatrical and home media rights[edit]

Japan[edit]

In Japan, the company's films (along with The Castle of Cagliostro and all other Lupin the Third titles for movie theaters as well as Mary and the Witch's Flower) are distributed by Toho theatrically, except for Castle in the Sky, Kiki's Delivery Service (which were distributed by Toei Company along with Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, with Toei producing The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun), and My Neighbors the Yamadas, which was distributed by Shochiku.

For home media, a majority of Studio Ghibli releases are distributed by Walt Disney Studios Japan. This also includes Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, The Castle of Cagliostro and Mary and the Witch's Flower.[66] Pony Canyon occasionally releases Ghibli documentaries on home media, and also distributes rental versions of Ghibli's movies under a deal with Disney. Pony Canyon also fully distributed the standalone version of Earwig and the Witch on home media.

Before the Disney deal, Tokuma Shoten released Ghibli movies themselves through their "Animage Video" imprint, as well as all Laserdisc releases of the movies, as the Disney deal did not include that format.

International[edit]

After purchasing the global distribution rights from World Film Corporation,[67] Manson International and Showmen, Inc. produced a 95-minute English dub of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, titled Warriors of the Wind,[68] which was released theatrically in the United States by New World Pictures on June 14, 1985, followed by a VHS release in December 1985.[69][70] The voice actors and actresses were not credited, and the film was heavily edited to give it a faster pace.[71] The film received a PG rating just like Disney's later English dub.[72] By removing several of the longer dialogue scenes, some of the environmentalist themes were simplified as was the main subplot of the Ohmu, altered to remove Nausicaä's childhood connection to them.[73] Most of the characters' names were changed, including the titular character who became Princess Zandra. The North American poster and VHS cover featured a cadre of male characters who are not in the film, riding the resurrected God Warrior—including a still-living Warrior shown briefly in a flashback. Overall, approximately 22 minutes was cut for North American release.[72] Warriors of the Wind also prompted Miyazaki to allow translator Toren Smith of Studio Proteus to create an official, faithful translation of the Nausicaä manga for Viz Media.[74]

In the late 1980s, an English dub of Castle in the Sky was produced for international Japan Airlines flights at the request of Tokuma Shoten. The Castle dub was briefly screened in the United States by Streamline Pictures. Carl Macek, the head of Streamline, was disappointed with this dub, deeming it "adequate, but clumsy".[75] Following this, Tokuma allowed Streamline to dub their future acquisitions My Neighbor Totoro and Kiki's Delivery Service. In April 1993, Troma Films, under their 50th St. Films banner, distributed the Totoro dub as a theatrical release, and the dub was later released onto VHS and eventually onto DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. In the early 1990s, an English dub of Porco Rosso was produced by an unknown company, again for international Japan Airlines flights. The original dubs can be seen on the 1996 Ghibli ga Ippai Laserdisc set, and on the initial copies for the Japanese DVD releases of Totoro, Laputa and Porco.

In 1996, Walt Disney Studios acquired worldwide distribution rights to the Studio Ghibli library, with Disney redubbing all previously dubbed films.[26][76] In addition, Walt Disney Studios Japan agreed to contribute 10% of the funding for all future releases, starting with My Neighbors the Yamadas, in exchange for right of first refusal regarding international distribution.[27] Disney continues with this practice to this day, even extending it to the works of Studio Ponoc and to co-productions like The Red Turtle in Japan. It reportedly took four years for Disney and Studio Ghibli to reach a distribution deal. Originally, the Ghibli films were meant to headline a line of videos called Animation Celebration, highlighting critically acclaimed animated films from around the world. These plans never materialized in full, but the Animation Celebration logo can be seen on Disney's original VHS release of Kiki's Delivery Service. During Disney's tenure, the studio produced the English dubs and released 15 of Ghibli's films, plus Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, through the Walt Disney Pictures, Buena Vista Home Video, Miramax and Touchstone Pictures banners.[77]

Disney and Ghibli have also selectively chosen not to promote and record an English-dubbed version for films and works deemed less internationally marketable, including some of Takahata's more developmental and obscure pieces.[78] Although the Studio has a "No cuts" policy in terms of international versions and dubs, this does not apply to promotional posters, etc., for which the film makers collaborate with Disney to produce cultural appropriate international versions. The Studio has not shied away from slight rebranding on the international stage in order to convey slightly tweaked promotional imagery for different cultural norms. One example of these slight tweaks to international promotional materials can be seen between the Japanese and English versions of the movie poster for Spirited Away (2001). For American and other English-speaking audiences, the name of the film was changed from the Japanese version, which directly translates roughly to, "The Disappearance of Chihiro and Sen", to Spirited Away to suggest more mystical, otherworldly themes, since the direct Japanese translation could be taken to mean that Chihiro/Sen disappeared due to some more dangerous reason. On the American movie poster, more pictures of spirits from the film were added to the background to further pique the viewer's interest with more supernatural themes, creating an association between the pictures spirits and what most American people would think of as "ghosts". For the Japanese poster, there are fewer spirits as the Japanese Shinto religion normalizes the existence of spirits, so less emphasis is needed to convey the importance of non-human spirits. Also, Disney enlarged the "Studio Ghibli" and "Hayao Miyazaki" labels on the poster, helping to bring greater awareness to the studio through the success of Spirited Away.[79]

In 2011, GKIDS acquired the North American theatrical distribution rights of the aforementioned Ghibli films, with Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment retaining the home video rights.[80] Afterwards, in 2013, GKIDS acquired the US and Canadian distribution rights to From Up on Poppy Hill. The film, which Disney passed on to GKIDS due to dealing with potential incest, marked the first time since 1996 that Disney handed a Studio Ghibli film off to another distributor. Afterwards, GKIDS would go on to distribute the films Disney found to be too mature or unmarketable for American audiences: Only Yesterday, Ocean Waves, The Tale of the Princess Kaguya and When Marnie Was There. In July 2017, Disney relinquished its home video rights (with the exception of The Wind Rises, which remained with Disney until 2020 due to a distribution clause) to GKIDS, which handles all theatrical and home media distribution of Ghibli films in North America along with Mary and the Witch's Flower.[76] Nevertheless, Disney still continues to handle select distribution in Japan (home media), Taiwan and China.

GKIDS' home media releases have been handled by multiple distributors. Cinedigm distributed the home media release of Poppy Hill, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment distributed the home media releases of Kaguya, Marnie, Mary, Yesterday and Waves, and Shout! Factory all subsequent releases thus far. The Ghibli films owned by GKIDS were made available for digital purchases on most major services in the United States and Canada on December 17, 2019, through Shout! Factory.[81]

Outside Asia (including Japan) and North America since 2003, Goodfellas (a former subsidiary of Wild Bunch, formerly known as Wild Bunch International) has been Studio Ghibli's international sales holder.

Individual rights to Ghibli's films are held by various third parties, including Wild Bunch (France and Belgium),[e][82] Elysian Film Group (United Kingdom and Ireland),[f] Leonine (Germany), Lucky Red (Italy), Vértigo Films (Spain),[g] Crunchyroll Store Australia (Australia and New Zealand)[h] and Encore Films[i] in Singapore and Southeast Asia.

Notably, The Secret World of Arrietty received a second dub exclusive to the United Kingdom, produced by StudioCanal UK, likely due to the film's origins being from Mary Norton's British novel The Borrowers.

Disney formerly held international sales rights until they were sold off to Goodfellas (then Wild Bunch) in 2003. Disney kept the French distribution rights to Ghibli's library until September 2020, when it had expired and transitioned off to Wild Bunch.[84] Since 2021, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment serves as the home media distributor of Studio Ghibli's catalog via its distribution deal with Wild Bunch through the Wild Side Vidéo label.[85][86][87]

Streaming rights[edit]

Prior to 2019, Studio Ghibli opted not to make its films available digitally, feeling that physical media and theatrical events like GKIDS' Studio Ghibli Fest would work more towards their goal of mindful care and curation for their films. Disney had previously lobbied for a streaming deal with Ghibli during their distribution tenure, but such attempts were never materialized.[77] The studio heads changed their minds after hearing a quote from American actor and director Woody Allen about how there should be multiple outlets for feature films.[88]

On October 17, 2019, Warner Bros. Discovery's HBO Max (now Max) announced it had acquired exclusive streaming rights to Studio Ghibli's catalogue in the United States as part of a deal with GKIDS; these films were available when the service launched in May 2020.[89] On January 20, 2020, it was announced that Netflix acquired the exclusive streaming rights to this catalogue in all regions where it operates except for the United States (in which Netflix does have streaming rights to The Castle of Cagliostro and Mary and the Witch's Flower), as part of a deal with Ghibli's international sales rights partner Wild Bunch. Seven of twenty-one films in the studio's catalogue were released on February 1, 2020, with the others following on March 1 and April 1.[90] Netflix then struck a separate deal with GKIDS for streaming rights in Canada which was announced on June 22, and came into effect on June 25 for most films.[91] As of 2024, no streaming rights deals have been announced for Studio Ghibli's home country of Japan, nor for markets such as China where neither Netflix nor HBO Max is available.

Grave of the Fireflies[edit]

Most of the above deals exclude Grave of the Fireflies; unlike most of the other films, which were published by Tokuma Shoten, Grave of the Fireflies was produced and is owned by Shinchosha, which also had published the short story it was based on, and as such, fell into different rights holdings.[81]

Grave of the Fireflies was released in Japan on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Ghibli ga Ippai Collection on August 7, 1998. On July 29, 2005, a DVD release was distributed through Warner Home Video. Walt Disney Studios Japan released the complete collector's edition DVD on August 6, 2008. WDSJ released the film on Blu-ray twice on July 18, 2012: one as a single release, and one in a two-film set with My Neighbor Totoro.

It was released on VHS in North America by Central Park Media in a subtitled form on June 2, 1993.[92] They later released the film with an English dub on VHS on September 1, 1998 (the same day Disney released Kiki's Delivery Service in North America) and an all-Regions DVD (which also included the original Japanese with English subtitles) on October 7 the same year. It was later released on a two-disc DVD set (which once again included both the English dub and the original Japanese with English subtitles as well as the film's storyboards with the second disc containing more extensive Bonus Features) on October 8, 2002. It was released by Central Park Media one last time on December 7, 2004. Following the May 2009 bankruptcy and liquidation of Central Park Media,[93] ADV Films acquired the rights and re-released it on DVD on July 7, 2009.[94] Following the September 1, 2009 shutdown and re-branding of ADV,[95] their successor, Sentai Filmworks, rescued the film and released a remastered DVD on March 6, 2012.[96][97] A Blu-ray edition was released on November 20, 2012, featuring an all-new English dub produced by Seraphim Digital, along with a digital release that same year.[98]

StudioCanal released a Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on July 1, 2013.[99] Madman Entertainment released the film in Australia and New Zealand.

Works[edit]

Main article: List of Studio Ghibli works

Horus and Cagliostro were the feature-length directorial debuts of Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki respectively, and were produced by Toei Animation and TMS Entertainment years before the founding of Studio Ghibli.

Nausicaä was directed by Miyazaki at Topcraft, a studio which Miyazaki, Takahata and Toshio Suzuki later purchased and renamed Studio Ghibli. As a result, the film has often been rereleased and marketed as a Studio Ghibli movie.

The Red Turtle was a collaborative effort by Studio Ghibli with Dutch animator Michaël Dudok de Wit and was branded as a Studio Ghibli release internationally. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Classics in North and Latin America.

For the purposes of the list below, films that appear in Studio Ghibli's official filmography[100] are listed. Other Studio Ghibli productions are listed here.

Feature films[edit]

Year Title Director Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Composer Original release RT MC
1984 Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind Hayao Miyazaki Isao Takahata Joe Hisaishi March 11, 1984 90%[101] 86[102]
1986 Castle in the Sky August 2, 1986 96%[103] 78[104]
1988 My Neighbor Totoro Tōru Hara April 16, 1988 93%[105] 86[106]
Grave of the Fireflies Isao Takahata Michio Mamiya 100%[107] 94[108]
1989 Kiki's Delivery Service Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 29, 1989 98%[109] 83[110]
1991 Only Yesterday Isao Takahata Toshio Suzuki Katz Hoshi July 20, 1991 100%[111] 90[112]
1992 Porco Rosso Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 18, 1992 96%[113] 83[114]
1993 Ocean Waves Tomomi Mochizuki Seiji Okuda
Nozomu Takahashi 		Shigeru Nagata May 5, 1993[A] 89%[115] 73[116]
1994 Pom Poko Isao Takahata Shang Shang Typhoon July 16, 1994 86%[117] 77[118]
1995 Whisper of the Heart Yoshifumi Kondō Hayao Miyazaki Yuji Nomi July 15, 1995 94%[119] 75[120]
1997 Princess Mononoke Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 12, 1997 93%[121] 76[122]
1999 My Neighbors the Yamadas Isao Takahata Akiko Yano July 17, 1999 78%[123] 75[124]
2001 Spirited Away Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 20, 2001 96%[125] 96[126]
2002 The Cat Returns Hiroyuki Morita Reiko Yoshida Toshio Suzuki
Nozomu Takahashi 		Yuji Nomi July 19, 2002 88%[127] 70[128]
2004 Howl's Moving Castle Hayao Miyazaki Toshio Suzuki Joe Hisaishi November 20, 2004 87%[129] 82[130]
2006 Tales from Earthsea Goro Miyazaki Goro Miyazaki
Keiko Niwa 		Tamiya Terashima July 29, 2006 38%[131] 47[132]
2008 Ponyo Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 19, 2008 91%[133] 86[134]
2010 Arrietty Hiromasa Yonebayashi Hayao Miyazaki
Keiko Niwa 		Cécile Corbel July 17, 2010 94%[135] 80[136]
2011 From Up on Poppy Hill Goro Miyazaki Satoshi Takebe July 16, 2011 87%[137] 71[138]
2013 The Wind Rises Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 20, 2013 88%[139] 83[140]
The Tale of the Princess Kaguya Isao Takahata Isao Takahata
Riko Sakaguchi 		Yoshiaki Nishimura November 23, 2013 100%[141] 89[142]
2014 When Marnie Was There Hiromasa Yonebayashi Hiromasa Yonebayashi
Keiko Niwa
Masashi Ando 		Takatsugu Muramatsu July 19, 2014 92%[143] 72[144]
2016 The Red Turtle Michaël Dudok de Wit Michaël Dudok de Wit
Pascale Ferran 		Toshio Suzuki
Isao Takahata
Vincent Maraval
Pascal Caucheteux
Grégoire Sorlat 		Laurent Perez del Mar May 18, 2016 93%[145] 86[146]
2020 Earwig and the Witch Goro Miyazaki Keiko Niwa
Emi Gunji 		Toshio Suzuki Satoshi Takebe December 30, 2020[B]
August 27, 2021[C] 		28%[147] 46[148]
2023 The Boy and the Heron Hayao Miyazaki Joe Hisaishi July 14, 2023 97%[149] 92[150]
  1. ^ Originally broadcast on Nippon TV
  2. ^ First release on NHK General TV
  3. ^ Theatrical release

Television[edit]

Year Title Director Screenwriter(s) Producer(s) Composer Broadcast date Notes
1987 The Story of Yanagawa's Canals Isao Takahata Susumu Kubo Michio Mamiya August 15, 1987 (NHK) Documentary
2014 Ronja, the Robber's Daughter Gorō Miyazaki Hiroyuki Kawasaki Nobuo Kawakami Satoshi Takebe October 11, 2014 – March 28, 2015 (NHK) Anime television series based on Ronia, the Robber's Daughter by Astrid Lindgren
2022 Zen – Grogu and Dust Bunnies[151] Katsuya Kondô Tomohiko Ishii Ludwig Göransson November 12, 2022 (Disney+) A Star Wars short film by Ghibli and Lucasfilm

Style and themes[edit]

Further information: Hayao Miyazaki § Themes

Studio Ghibli films are mostly hand-drawn using rich watercolor and acrylic paints. The films use traditional methods of making animation where every frame is drawn and colored by hand. Computer animation techniques are used sparingly.[152] All the Studio Ghibli films use bright colors,[153][154] and have a "whimsical and joyful aesthetic".[155] Studio Ghibli’s art style tends to be more of a cozy European style that put a lot of undertones on the background and nature in the scene.[156]

The films often focus on the lives of youth, especially school children. Common themes include the risks posed by progress to tradition,[157] environmentalism and the natural world,[157][155] independent female protagonists,[153] the cost of war, and youth.[154]

Music[edit]

Studio Ghibli's music is almost exclusively composed by Joe Hisaishi, who has worked with Miyazaki on creating the music for his films for over 30 years. He uses storyboard images, provided by Miyazaki, to create an image album,[158] which is then used to build out the final soundtrack for the movie. The music has elements from Baroque counterpoint, jazz, and modal music[159] to create the unique sound that many associate with both Hisaishi and Studio Ghibli. Early on, the music in the films was known for its eclectic, synth sound, before later moving to more motivic and melody-driven music.[160] Especially present in earlier years, the music does not directly relate to the emotions and rhythms happening on screen.[160] Another defining feature is Hisaishi's unique use of leitmotif, rather than a singular song being associated with one character, the motif is the theme of the film.[161] Hisaishi began using leitmotif in Ghibli films first in Howl's Moving Castle.[160]

Notable animators, background artists and character designers[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Miyazaki initially considered using his former studios, Telecom Animation Film or Nippon Animation, as his production base, but they turned him down, so he turned to Hara, a former colleague at Toei Doga.
  2. ^ This was not the first time, however, that Hayao Miyazaki spoke of his retirement.
  3. ^ Nippon TV has been investing in Ghibli film productions ever since Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind was first broadcast on TV in 1985, and was also involved in the establishment of the Ghibli Museum, which opened in 2001.
  4. ^ Nippon TV thought it could lock in director Mamoru Hosoda by acquiring Madhouse, the studio that produced his film "Summer Wars," but this plan failed when Hosoda established his own new studio.
  5. ^ Home video rights are held by Wild Bunch subsidiary Wild Side, with Warner Bros. Home Entertainment as distributor.
  6. ^ Currently, the Elysian deal only includes Earwig and the Witch and The Boy and the Heron (under a three-way partnership with Anonymous Content and Bleecker Street[83]). StudioCanal UK formerly distributed Ghibli's films in the United Kingdom, until the contract ended following a lawsuit between them and Goodfellas in December 2022. The StudioCanal deal also included DVD and Blu-ray distribution of The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun and The Castle of Cagliostro, the first full-length feature films directed by Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki, respectively.
  7. ^ Co-distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment as of 2018.
  8. ^ Until 2019, Madman Entertainment through its former Madman Anime Group division handled distribution of Ghibli's films in Australia and New Zealand.
  9. ^ Co-distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures in key markets in Southeast Asia beginning with The Boy And The Heron.

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